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  • 8 Magical Types of Garden Lighting

    Garden lighting has an important place in the decorative scheme of any outdoor area, adding a further dimension to your outdoor area. A few strategically placed fittings will immediately bring backyard and garden alive, accentuating the shapes and forms of plants, lending charm and character to patios, poolsides, barbecue areas, transforming even a mediocre yard into a magical fairyland at night.

    Backyard and garden lighting also has its practical value of course. On the patio, it enables you to entertain at night in attractively atmospheric surrounds. And it is also important from both a security and a safety point of view, illuminating dark areas where intruders could lurk unseen, as well as features – pathways and steps for example – that could pose a hazard in the dark.

    If there are large rocks in unexpected places, these too should be highlighted in some way. For safety reasons pool areas should always be properly lit, preferably with underwater lighting as well as floodlights or spots.

    Other entertainment and activity areas – tennis court, barbecue and so on – also need some form of permanent garden lighting. So too does the entrance to your property, the front door and its surrounds, and the garage. Here, an automatic system, activated when the natural light fades, is a particularly good option. These systems operate either within a certain distance of an electrically powered control box, or from a mechanism in the light fitting itself. The latter option is considerably cheaper, but unfortunately does not have a very long lifespan and will need to be replaced from time to time.

    Solar powered lights are the best option. There are a myriad of options, including small units that generate electricity from sunlight during the day and automatically recharge their batteries. No wires or fuss!

    Light fittings attached to the house are usually part of the internal electrical arrangement; those in the yard may be on a separate circuit. And, just as all electrical installations in the house must be carried out by a licensed electrician, so too must those in the yard. If your property is large, or if you are fitting a borehole or swimming pool pump, he may have to alter the single-phase system to a three-phase one. These additional amenities draw a lot more power than the 15 kva – kilovolt amps – provided by the standard power source. So, it stands to reason that they draw considerably more power than any sort of garden lighting.

    The electrician will also have to use suitable water-proof cabling (which he will bury underground) and ensure that there is earth leakage. Make absolutely certain you know where all the cables are located, and pass this information on to anyone else working in the yard: one has to be very careful to avoid the accidental severing of underground wiring.

    Type

    Exterior lighting may either be direct, casting a single beam, or evenly spread. casting a general glow over the outdoor area. Some forms of lighting are a lot more decorative than functional, giving very little useful illumination.

    Direct Garden Lighting

    Spotlights cast a direct shaft of light in a particular direction. This may be for practical reasons – to light up that part of the yard around the front door, for instance or it may be designed to emphasize a particular element of the yard. Focal points include statues and sculptures, garden benches and special plant features, although spots are also commonly used within a garden bed (as uplighters).

    Generally speaking, reflected illumination is the more attractive. Aim to bounce direct light off walls or plants, or plan direct lighting so that there is some diffusion of the beam – by concealing it in foliage, for example, or behind a tree. This will produce a gentler, prettier effect.

    General Garden Lighting

    Overall general lighting is difficult to achieve in the yard unless a fair number of fittings are positioned at strategic points. But this rarely presents a problem, as it is far more effective to create pools of light within the yard itself and to limit general lighting to limited spaces, like patio and pool area. Here, lamps and wall-mounted fittings will usually be sufficient.

    Bollard lights are well suited to driveways and pathways, and a series of these set along the edges will give good general illumination.

    Although floodlights technically fall within the category of direct lighting (not garden lighting), they are powerful enough to wash a wide area with illumination, so creating a ‘general’ lighting effect.

    Decorative Garden Lighting

    Many types of lighting are decorative as well as practical – uplighters will dramatize leaf shapes, highlighting the foliage while lamps will cast a moody glow over a wider area.

    Some light fittings, including period-style freestanding lamps, wall-mounted carriage lamps and molded Japanese lamps are attractive features in themselves.

    Colored fairy lights are also decorative, of course, but more suited to festivities than permanent yard lighting. Strung around an entertainment patio or barbecue area, or over the branches of large trees, they will help create a party atmosphere. However, if you are going to install permanent colored lights, first consider the effect different colors will have on foliage. For instance, blue light should generally be avoided as it is cold and will give an unnatural look to plants. Green and amber are probably the best choices for most yards.

    Fittings

    There is a wide selection of lights and lamps that are suitable for any backyard or patio. Intended for exposure to rain, the units are sealed for protection. Those designed for use in flower beds often incorporate plastic spikes to help fix them firmly into the ground.

    Low-voltage illumination is especially useful if you want to create mood lighting in the outdoor area, particularly on patios.

    The style of light fitting chosen is important only, of course, if it is to be visible. An old Victorian street lamp will look charming at the entrance to a house built in this period; similarly, concrete Japanese lamps will enhance a yard planned in the genre.

    However, many fittings are better concealed, so that they create mood rather than simply introduce bright shafts of light.

    Candles

    Although candles fall in the category of temporary lighting, they have their uses in the yard. Ordinary ones may be used on an outdoor table to create atmosphere during alfresco eating, or you may prefer special, slow-burning yard ones mounted on sticks set in the ground. More sophisticated bamboo flares are also available.

    For parties and special events, place candles in brown paper packets half filled with sand. They will glow beautifully and the packet will prevent the wind from extinguishing the flames.

    Floating candles are another charming option for festive occasions. These may be placed in water filled bowls on the table, or perhaps on the surface of a pond or even of the swimming pool.

    Floodlights

    So, generally, you won’t include floodlights in your garden lighting design.

    These intensely bright lights are used to ‘flood’ large areas with light. But, since a little illumination goes a long way in a garden environment, they are not widely used except on very large properties where security is a vital factor. If you have a tennis court, however, it will of course need to be floodlit if you are to use it at night.

    Lamps

    A wide range of freestanding lamps is available for wall-mounting, for the tops of pillars, and for fitting on sturdy posts. They are useful for many outdoor areas where illumination is essential, including the entrance to a driveway, outside the front door, and alongside a pathway or long drive. They are particularly practical for patios and other entertainment areas.

    For a covered deck, porch, or verandah, you can position an ordinary lamp permanently on a table. Just be sure to keep it away from open spaces and from the moisture that can drift in. Here the choice of shade is important, as anything too flimsy will easily be damaged by harsh sunlight. The lamp itself should also be sturdy enough to withstand wind.

    Hand-held gas lamps are not particularly pretty, but they are useful in areas which do not have permanent lighting. They are also a sensible solution if you have not yet installed your outdoor system.

    Lanterns

    Hanging lanterns may be used on the patio in addition to other more permanent lighting. There are various types on the market, including those fuelled with paraffin and oil. Inexpensive candle lamps are also available. Hurricane lamps, designed to withstand high-velocity winds, can be useful and they look good in a Victorian-style garden.

    Pool Lighting

    Most pools and spas that have underwater lighting are so equipped when they are installed or constructed. This kind of illumination looks attractive and, moreover, has its relevance in terms of safety (among other things they enable you to keep an eye on the swimmers, and to act effectively should anyone get into difficulty).

    If a pool does not have underwater lighting, it is important to ensure that the area is well lit with spotlights, lamps or by a floodlight. Remember that paving can become slippery when wet, which is a particular hazard at night.

    In addition to underwater and specific lighting, consider illuminating areas of the surrounding yard for effect, especially if you like to entertain guests by the pool in the evening.

    Spotlights

    These may be mounted on the external walls of the house or grouped within the branches of a large tree, the intensity of their light depending largely on where they are located.

    Spotlights are useful and practical on barbecue patios and for other kinds of alfresco eating, where they can be positioned to throw a pool of light over the surface of the table, and are ideal as accent lighting, drawing attention to statuary and other ornamental garden features. They are particularly effective near water, which will sparkle and shimmer in the golden glow.

    If the patio is used for specific activities at night – reading, for example – spotlights are the most sensible option, fulfilling the same function as any other localized indoor task lighting.

    Uplighters

    Used for both general and direct lighting, uplighters are a particularly useful device for creating effect within a large bed planted with shrubs and perennials, and for illuminating the foliage of trees (but it is sensible to take the trouble to place the fittings behind the trunk to create an interesting silhouette effect).

    Uplighters may also be used in flowerbeds or between shrubs alongside a driveway or path to give a diffused light, bright enough to guide you on your way home after dark.

    Wall-mounted lights

    There is a reasonably wide choice of lights manufactured for use on patios and external walls. These range from plain glass units to attractive carriage lamps. Wall-mounted lights, fitted low down, are also useful for illuminating steps.

  • 2 Great Yard Types: Formal & Informal

    If you are planning a new yard, it helps to follow a theme or create an identifiable style that is either a formal or informal yard type. This will give all your outdoor spaces a particular look and feel. It will also enable you to create a personal ambiance that fits your lifestyle.

    There are many different themes that you can choose from. The choice you make will ultimately determine whether your yard is formal or informal. These are the only two basic garden and yard types. You don’t have to be fanatical, but it helps to understand the difference.   

    If you decide to follow a particular style, this, in itself, may be your theme. It can be inspired by the architecture of the house, by color, or by the indigenous plants you find in your part of the world. But yard types are, by definition, either formal or informal.

    Yard Types in General

    It is primarily the layout that will determine yard types, although the various structures and other individual features will need to be in keeping with the look.

    For instance, a traditional European-style garden or backyard will be formal, while one that is planted in the acceptedly less rigid Farmhouse or Cottage style will be quite the opposite.

    Steps in a formal yard will follow straight lines and may incorporate pillars and balustrades on either side. They will usually be built from brick, concrete, or carefully planed timber.

    By contrast, informal steps will be constructed randomly from stone or perhaps railway sleepers and will have a more rustic appeal. Their casual informality may be conferred by their shape, perhaps gently curved to complement the shapes of flowerbeds and pathways.

    The design of water features and finishing touches (statuary, pots, benches, and so on) should also complement the yard type selected.

    Now let’s look more closely at the differences between formal and informal yard types.

    Formal

    The formal yard or garden is characterized by straight lines, symmetry, and a carefully planned balance of features. Clipped hedges and topiary fit in well. If you incorporate lawned areas, you must keep them well mown. Ornamentation and finishing touches should be bold and preferably classical in form. Sundials, statues, pots, and the like must all be in keeping with the grandness and formality of the look.

    Traditionally, palaces, chateaux, and castles all had vast formal gardens to match their splendor. Many of the world’s most celebrated estates, like Versailles and Hampton Court, for instance, are of this type. They featured grand parterres or intricate knot gardens on terraces.

    Some of the greatest 15th- and 16th-century French gardens or potagers, like those found at Villandry in the Loire Valley, featured fruit and vegetables laid out in elaborate formal patterns similar to the grand parterre. Typically, each bed was bordered by a low, well-clipped hedge.

    The Victorian version involved a series of rigidly shaped carpet beds packed with plants arranged to form an attractive mosaic pattern known as carpet bedding. The Victorians also favored the formal rose garden.

    Fragrant plants were laid out geometrically, with perhaps four paths leading from the center to each corner or along the sides of a formal path or “walk”. Decorative arches and classic support structures were also incorporated into the garden design.

    Herb gardens, too, were – and often still are – planted in a formal fashion.

    Informal

    Gentle curves and irregular flower beds typify the informal yard. Avoid straight lines and allow plants to spill over onto lawns and paving to add to a casual, flexible look.

    An informal yard layout commonly incorporates island beds, often planned around existing features such as trees and established shrubs. They generally take the natural rise and fall of the ground into account.

    Informal yards may be any size and shape, but there should be plenty of space between them or the effect will appear to be contrived. Wild gardens, woodlands, and meadows are, of course, also informal.

    Historically, the two 19th-century garden-makers most closely associated with this specific type are Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson.

    Influence of Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson on Garden Types

    Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) was a gifted artist who switched to garden design and writing because of failing eyesight. She produced many influential books on garden design and subsequently worked with the acclaimed British architect, Edwin Luytens. Gertrude Jekyll became one of the most influential garden designers of the 20th century.

    William Robinson (1838-1935) was a gardening journalist and author who became foreman at the Royal Botanic Society’s gardens in London’s Regent’s Park. He started The Garden magazine and later met Gertrude Jekyll, who became a contributor. He loathed formal gardens, especially the Victorian-style carpet bedding where small plants are packed tightly together to form mosaic-like patterns.

    It was Jekyll and Robinson who urged a move away from formal designs and rigid planting so popular up until then. Their choice of plants tends to look less contrived and more natural, and, of course, their garden types are much easier to maintain, even though frequent weeding is necessary.

  • 5 Types of Imaginative Walls and Screens

    A variety of walls and screens, hedges and fences combine to form the basic framework of the property for privacy and security, and sometimes to block out unsightly views. They also delineate certain areas as independent segments and provide a protective screen from the elements, wind in particular. Many walls and screens will even reduce noise, which is an important factor if your house is near a major road.

    The materials used for walls and screens particularly are as vast and varied as those utilized in the construction of the house itself. Bricks, timber, precast concrete, stone all have a role to play.

    In gardening terms, landscaping is generally categorized as being either ‘hard’ or ‘soft’. The erection or construction of walls and fences, paving and anything else which requires solid materials – brick, stone and so on – falls under the former classification, and all planting, including that of hedges, under ‘soft landscaping’.

    In practice, a well-planned yard garden will always employ a combination of the two landscaping techniques, combining hard, rigid materials (a stone or brick wall, for instance) with foliage and flowers to provide the vital softening effect.

    Types of Wall & Screens

    1. Fencing

    Constructed from either wood or metal and wire, fences are a common and effective means of enclosing a property, even though they are considerably less durable than walls.

    There are many types and styles of fencing, walls and screens. A partially solid timber structure will make a good windbreak, although it will not block out noise as effectively as a high wall. A post-and-rail fence will simply define the boundary. while a wire mesh fence will serve the same purpose and offer some security (provided, of course, that it has the height). Well planted, it will also form an effective windbreak.

    The type of fence chosen will depend on the style of your outdoor area as well as on function. Post-and-rail is perfect for a farmhouse garden, while a picket fence is more appropriate for a cottagey look. Trellis and lattice-work fences are ideal for the Victorian garden, as is decorative wrought-iron, while more delicate bamboo is better suited to a Japanese-style exterior.

    If you need solid fencing for the perimeter of your suburban property, consider vertical or woven panels, or palisades (posts nailed to horizontal rails). Another possibility is a wooden stockade of cut timber, railway sleepers or poles.

    If you have a swimming pool, you may be required by the local authority to fence the area. Here, special galvanized metal fencing is most commonly used, although there is nothing to stop you erecting some other type of fence – provided it is at least 1.2 m or 4 ft high and has no cross-pieces on the outside to enable a child to climb over. Remember, too, that gates leading into the pool area should also be self-closing and self-locking.

    2. Hedges and Plant Screens

    A screen of foliage is an attractive alternative to brick, stone, concrete, even timber. Rich in pattern and texture, it will filter light and introduce welcome contrast to the yard and garden. Formal hedges and informally planted barriers are both excellent for providing privacy and screening against the wind.

    Even though a hedge will take longer to create than a wall, it is the cheaper option, and one which will blend with the environment, providing a good looking backdrop for other plants. It will also take up less space than most informal borders.

    Hedges are a centuries-old means of screening and enclosing and are most common in the formal garden. However, they are appropriate to other styles, including the informal Cottage garden and backyard.

    The type and size of hedge planted will depend on its particular function. A boundary hedge will usually be allowed to grow to a reasonable height, while a hedge around a formal flower bed may be only a few centimetres high. A hedge screening an area within the yard will be about 1,8 m or 6 ft high.

    Common plants traditionally used for formal hedging include yew, box and the deciduous beech. Eugenia brasiliensis is a good choice for a thick boundary hedge. Just be aware that it will grow to a height of about 4 m or 13 ft, and planted for hedging, it should always be carefully trimmed, to encourage bushing, and kept to a maximum height of about 2 m or 6 ft.

    Euonymus japonica is a useful evergreen which may be trimmed to a hedge as low as 1 m or 3 ft. Both hibiscus and oleander make good informal hedges. Just bear in mind that the sap of the oleander is poisonous. If properly trained, plumbago is another good choice for a colorful informal hedge.

    Several small bushes may be planted to create a dwarf hedge, including some of the ericas (commonly known as heathers) cotton lavender (Santolina) and even ordinary lavender (Lavandula spica in particular).

    Conifers make good barriers, and of course will grow to a considerably greater height than the standard clipped hedge.

    For a formal hedge, choose plants of approximately the same height. An informal barrier of screening shrubs, on the other hand, should be varied in species as well as height for interest.

    When planting hedges, walls and screens, be careful not to place shrubs too close together. Instant screening is seldom feasible, which is why so many people tend to over-plant. Always consider the eventual size of the species and rather fill spaces with (temporary) annuals to give color for a season.

    3. Precast Concrete

    Many homeowners who find a solid brick wall too costly opt for the precast variety. Available in a range of patterns and textures, including a type designed to look like brick, a precast concrete wall will enable you to enclose your property. The disadvantage is that these walls and screens are not particularly attractive, and generally need abundant planting to camouflage them.

    Unfortunately, it is difficult to train climbers and creepers over this type of structure (they will not tolerate nails unless rawl bolts are used). Another solution is to place a wooden trellis in front of the wall. Additional netting or wire is another option. Ohterwise, simply plant large shrubs in a generous mixed border to hide the structure.

    4. Screens

    Solid walls or densely planted hedges are the obvious options for boundaries. Screens within a backyard are usually less substantial. A trellis or lattice fence, or even a simple homemade wooden framework, will effectively screen an area without blocking out light and. Moreover, they will allow a glimpse of what lies beyond. Planted with climbers, it will soon take on the look of an appealing foliage screen (see Hedges and plant screens, above).

    A planted screen is also effective, although it will obviously take a little longer to establish.

    Walls and screens perform many functions. They will shield a service area where rubbish bins, washing lines and so on are kept. They will create an illusion of privacy around a swimming pool or in another part of the yard. If well placed, they will prevent the wind from buffeting treasured plants.

    If wind is a problem, choose a screening device like a latticework fence or breeze-block structure, that will allow the full force to filter through it rather than have it come up against a solid barrier and create unpleasant turbulence.

    5. Walls

    Man has been building walls since the earliest times to keep out intruders and to demarcate his boundaries – functions that are as valid today as they ever were.

    A wall, though relatively expensive (especially if it is to encircle a large property), is nevertheless quite quickly constructed and, if combined with foliage will add charm to any backyard or garden.

    Built of stone, brick (which may be facebrick or plastered and painted), or concrete blocks, walls are also are a reasonably good barrier against noise and dust. They may be built to retain earth in the yard, where there is a change in level, for example, or where a sloping site needs to be terraced.

    Solid walls and screens are particularly appropriate for the boundary of any property, while decorative breeze blocks, which allow air to circulate and minimize turbulence, are better suited to screens within the yard (see Screens, above). Where noise is a factor, solid walls are the more sensible option: the expense is usually worth it in the long run.

    If you are planning a solid structure, consider incorporating planters or niches in which statues or other decorative features can be displayed. In a small yard, creepers will hide the hard surface while a climber such as honeysuckle, the canary creeper, the common ivy, Hedera helix, or ivy-leaved pelargoniums may be trained in a diagonal (criss-cross) pattern to add interest. If your yard is large, you may prefer to disguise the wall and, in addition, to plant a mixed border with trees behind and shrubs in front.

    Another option is to incorporate espaliered trees (apple and pear are the classic choices), shrubs or climbers. Here the plant is trained against the wall to form a geometric, two-dimensional shape.

    In a water garden a wall is often suitable as a backdrop for a fountain, perhaps one with a fish or cherub spouting water into the pond.

  • Create a relaxing and peaceful backyard retreat

    Creating a relaxing and peaceful backyard retreat is an excellent way to enhance your outdoor living space. 

    A peaceful backyard retreat will provide you with a sanctuary where you can unwind, de-stress, and reconnect with nature. Whether you have a large yard or a small patio, with a little planning and creativity, you can transform your backyard into a tranquil oasis that suits your preferences and helps you find solace from the busy world.

    In this article, we explore various elements and ideas to guide you through the process of creating your own backyard retreat.

    17 Tips to Create Your Special Backyard Retreat

    1. Define Your Vision: Before you begin, take some time to envision what you want your backyard retreat to look and feel like. Consider what elements will bring you the most relaxation, such as water features, lush greenery, comfortable seating, or a place to meditate. Understanding your vision will help you focus on the essential aspects of your retreat.
    2. Choose the Right Location: Select a quiet and secluded area in your backyard that will offer privacy and shelter from any potential noise or distractions. If you have a larger space, you might consider adding pathways to connect different elements of your retreat.
    3. Create a Sense of Enclosure: To foster a feeling of coziness and seclusion, use landscaping elements like hedges, bamboo screens, or trellises with climbing plants to create natural boundaries around your retreat.
    4. Introduce Greenery and Nature: Incorporate lush plants, trees, and flowers that are native to your region. Well-maintained greenery can instantly add a sense of tranquillity and natural beauty to your backyard. Consider a mix of evergreens and seasonal plants to maintain visual interest throughout the year.
    5. Water Features: The sound of flowing water can be incredibly soothing. Consider adding a water fountain, a small pond, or even a gently flowing stream to your backyard retreat. The gentle sound of water can drown out unwanted noises and create a serene atmosphere.
    6. Comfortable Seating: Invest in comfortable outdoor furniture like loungers, hammocks, or cushioned chairs. You can also add outdoor pillows and throws to create a cosy and inviting space to relax and read a book or take a nap.
    7. Shade and Shelter: Install umbrellas, pergolas, or retractable awnings to provide shade and shelter from the sun during hot days. This will allow you to enjoy your retreat in all weather conditions.
    8. Outdoor Lighting: Proper lighting is crucial for extending the usability of your retreat into the evenings. Use soft and warm lighting options like string lights, lanterns, or solar-powered pathway lights to create a magical and calming ambience.
    9. Fire Pit or Fireplace: If your local regulations permit, consider adding a fire pit or an outdoor fireplace. The warmth and mesmerizing flames will make your backyard retreat cosy and inviting, especially during cool evenings.
    10. Incorporate Natural Elements: Use natural materials like wood, stone, and gravel to add texture and a sense of grounding to your space. Incorporate them in pathways, seating areas, or as decorative accents.
    11. Zen Garden or Meditation Space: Create a small Zen garden or a designated meditation spot with comfortable cushions or a meditation bench. This will serve as a peaceful area for self-reflection and mindfulness.
    12. Entertainment and Hobbies: Depending on your interests, consider incorporating elements like a small outdoor yoga platform, a mini herb garden, or even a small outdoor cinema for movie nights under the stars.
    13. Wildlife Attraction: Encourage wildlife to visit your retreat by incorporating bird feeders, bird baths, and native plants that attract butterflies and bees. Observing wildlife can be incredibly calming and enriching.
    14. Soundscapes and Music: Use wind chimes, gentle music, or nature sounds to create a soothing auditory experience that enhances the overall atmosphere of relaxation.
    15. Declutter and Organize: Keep your retreat tidy and clutter-free. Use outdoor storage solutions to keep gardening tools and equipment out of sight and maintain a clean and inviting space.
    16. Personal Touches: Decorate your retreat with items that hold personal meaning to you. This could be artwork, sculptures, or sentimental objects that evoke positive emotions.
    17. Regular Maintenance: To ensure your backyard retreat remains an inviting and peaceful space, schedule regular maintenance of plants, water features, and furniture. Regular upkeep will help you enjoy your retreat to the fullest.

    Top Tip: Customize Your Background Retreat

    Creating a relaxing and peaceful backyard retreat is all about designing a space that aligns with your vision of tranquillity and provides a welcoming escape from the outside world. By incorporating natural elements, comfortable seating, soothing sounds, and your personal touches, you can transform your backyard into a serene oasis that brings you joy and rejuvenation every time you step into it.

    Remember that this is your retreat, so customize it to suit your preferences and make it a place where you can truly unwind and find solace. We will provide some ideas in a future post.

  • A-Z of Landscaping Terms Made Simple

    In this A-Z we make things simple. Whether you’re reading gardening blog posts, books about landscaping, or anything related to garden establishment and improvements, these are some of the terms you will come across. Chances are you’ll know some but not all of them. If you’d like us to add anything to the list, feel free to leave a comment.

    Our A-Z Below

    A:

    adobe

    a type of American brick made with earth and straw

    annuals

    plants that complete their life cycle in a maximum of a year; generally planted in spring and often removed in autumn or when they die in winter

    aquatics

    plants that grow in, or are partially submerged in water, for example in wetlands

    arbor

    a usually small-scale framework in the garden that is usually covered with plants to provide shelter

    B:

    bentonite

    a type of natural clay that is used to seal natural-looking ponds and pools (see also clay puddling)

    biennial

    a plant that completes its life-cycle in two growing seasons, forming a green, leafy plant in the first season, then flowering and seeding before it dies in the second season

    bog

    marshland where bog plants grow

    butyl rubber

    an expensive flexible rubber liner that may be used for lining fish ponds; said to be the Rolls Royce of pond liners

    C:

    CAD

    computer-aided design

    canes

    raspberries, strawberries, and other plants with a similar stem

    carpet bedding

    a popular Victorian style of planting where small plants are tightly packed to form mosaic or carpet-like patterns

    cascade

    waterfall that runs down a stepped slope, or a series of small waterfalls

    clay puddling

    a traditional technique that is used to seal the sides and base of some large, natural-looking ponds

    conifer

    any cone-bearing tree including pine trees, fir trees, yews and juniper trees; usually evergreen with needles or thin strap-shaped leaves

    conservationist

    a person who works to protect animals, plants and even old buildings

    conservatory

    a greenhouse-type structure that is usually attached to the house and filled with plants

    cultivar

    variety of plant produced by cultivation

    D:

    deciduous

    plant that sheds its leaves, usually during the autumn season

    draughting [drafting]

    what a draughtsman, who draws up parts of buildings and garden plans, does

    E:

    ecology

    the way in which plants, animals and people are related to each other and to their environment

    ecosystem

    a system made up of all the plants and animals in a particular area, that relate to each other and to the environment in a particular way

    environment

    the air, water and land on earth that may be harmed by man’s activities

    environmentalist

    a person who is concerned about protecting the environment

    evergreen

    plant that doesn’t lose all its leaves in winter

    exotic

    plant introduced from another country

    F:

    façade

    the front of a building

    fern

    non-flowering plant that reproduces with spores found on the underside of leaf-like fronds

    G:

    garden bed

    an area of ground in the centre of a garden that is used for planting; borders are garden beds found around the edges of gardens

    gazebo

    a small building with open-sides, often located at the end of a raised terrace so that it has a nice view

    genus

    a technical term that refers to groups into which scientists divide animals and plants; includes fewer members than a family and more members than a species

    greenhouse

    a glass building that is used for growing plants that need warmth, light and protection

    H:

    indigenous

    things, including plants, that come from a specific place rather than being brought there from somewhere else

    I:

    island beds

    a style of planting where irregular, curving garden beds are created in a lawn

    K:

    kitchen garden

    the part of a garden used for growing vegetables, herbs and edible flowers

    L:

    landscaping

    planning the way an area of land looks and arranging and planting gardens and parks so that they are attractive

    M:

    marsh

    land that is permanently waterlogged and boggy

    micro-climate

    climate of a small area, often within a garden

    moss

    a non-flowering single cell plant that retains water

    O:

    organic food

    food that is grown without using artificial chemicals

    P:

    parterre

    an ornamental flower bed that is created low on the ground and is intended to be viewed from above

    patio

    any open-air living area, usually with a hard surface for its floor

    perennial

    a plant that lives and flowers for more than two years

    pergola

    structure of pillars and cross beams that is often built over patios and carports and usually planted with climbing plants

    propagation

    reproduction of plants

    pruning

    cutting back the branches of trees or bushes to make them grow better

    R:

    rural

    happening in or relating to the countryside rather than the city

    S:

    shrub

    a plant with a woody stem

    spa

    a small heated pool that sends currents of hot water around you

    species

    a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants

    suburban

    relating to a suburb which is an area where people live that is away from the centre of the town or city

    succulent

    a plant with fleshy leaves and a stem with juice or sap

    T:

    terracotta

    baked earth of a brownish-red colour that is used to make flower pots, tiles and other items that we use in the garden

    topiary

    a method of cutting small trees and bushes into ornamental shapes

    U:

    urban

    relating to towns and cities

    W:

    wetland

    an area of land that is partly covered with water, or is wet most of the time; wetlands may be planted with bog-type plants that thrive in wet conditions

    Z:

    zen garden

    A simple, Japanese-style garden with rocks and sand that motivates meditation, like the one below and the feature picture.

  • Codes and Bylaws Governing Activities in Your Backyard

    When it comes to utilizing your backyard for various activities, it is essential to be aware of the codes and bylaws that govern such actions. These regulations are put in place to ensure the safety, well-being, and harmonious coexistence of individuals within residential communities. In this article, we will explore a range of codes and bylaws that commonly apply to backyard activities. Understanding these rules will help you enjoy your backyard responsibly while maintaining a positive relationship with your neighbors and local authorities.

    Zoning Regulations:

    Zoning regulations dictate how land within a specific area can be used. Backyard activities are typically subject to zoning restrictions, which classify areas as residential, commercial, or industrial. These regulations ensure that your activities align with the designated zoning category.

    Fence Height Restrictions:

    Many municipalities have restrictions on the maximum height of fences in residential areas. These regulations aim to maintain aesthetics, privacy, and security while preventing obstruction of sightlines for pedestrians and vehicles. Familiarize yourself with the local ordinances to ensure your fence adheres to the height limits.

    Noise Ordinances:

    Noise ordinances aim to minimize disturbances and maintain a peaceful environment within residential areas. They often specify the permitted hours for noisy activities, such as construction, parties, or the use of power tools. Adhering to these regulations ensures that your backyard activities do not disrupt the peace of the neighborhood.

    Property Line Setbacks:

    Property line setbacks dictate the minimum distance between structures, such as sheds, decks, or pools, and the boundaries of your property. These setbacks promote safety, accessibility, and proper ventilation while preventing encroachment on neighboring properties. Familiarize yourself with the setbacks before constructing any permanent structures in your backyard.

    Swimming Pool Safety Codes:

    If you plan to install a swimming pool in your backyard, it is essential to adhere to specific safety codes. These codes may require the installation of a fence or barrier around the pool, a self-latching gate, and the use of approved safety covers. Compliance with these regulations helps prevent accidents and ensures the safety of children and visitors.

    Fire Safety Regulations:

    Fire safety regulations encompass guidelines for outdoor fire pits, grills, and other open flame devices. These regulations may outline the minimum distance required between the fire feature and any structures, as well as guidelines for fire containment, extinguishing equipment, and burn bans during dry seasons. Adhering to fire safety regulations minimizes the risk of fire-related incidents and protects the surrounding environment.

    Waste Disposal and Composting Bylaws:

    Proper waste disposal is crucial for maintaining a clean and healthy environment. Familiarize yourself with local bylaws regarding waste management, including guidelines for composting, recycling, and the proper disposal of hazardous materials. Following these regulations promotes sustainability and minimizes the impact on the ecosystem.

    Home-Based Business Regulations:

    If you intend to operate a home-based business from your backyard, certain regulations may apply. These regulations typically address issues such as signage, customer parking, noise, and the impact on the residential character of the neighborhood. Familiarize yourself with the local zoning regulations and bylaws to ensure compliance with these guidelines.

    Outdoor Lighting Regulations:

    Outdoor lighting can enhance the aesthetics and security of your backyard. However, some municipalities have regulations regarding the intensity, direction, and timing of outdoor lighting to prevent light pollution and minimize the disturbance to neighboring properties. Familiarize yourself with any local ordinances that govern outdoor lighting to ensure compliance.

    Tree Preservation Ordinances:

    Trees play a vital role in the environment and contribute to the overall appeal of residential areas. Many municipalities have tree preservation ordinances to protect mature trees and ensure their responsible management. These regulations may require permits for tree removal or dictate guidelines for trimming, replanting, or replacing trees. Understand the specific tree preservation rules in your area before undertaking any tree-related activities.

    Pest Control Regulations:

    If you encounter pest issues in your backyard, it is important to be aware of local regulations regarding pest control. Some regions have restrictions on the use of certain pesticides or require licensed professionals to handle pest eradication. Adhering to these regulations promotes the safe and responsible management of pests while minimizing the impact on the environment.

    Signage Regulations:

    If you plan to display signs or banners in your backyard, check local ordinances regarding signage regulations. These rules typically address the size, placement, and content of signs to maintain the visual appeal of the neighborhood and prevent excessive advertising. Ensure that any signage you display complies with these guidelines.

    Stormwater Management:

    Proper stormwater management is crucial for preventing flooding, erosion, and environmental contamination. Some jurisdictions have regulations in place to address stormwater runoff from residential properties, including guidelines for rainwater collection, permeable surfaces, and drainage systems. Familiarize yourself with local stormwater management regulations to contribute to a sustainable and eco-friendly backyard environment.

    Historic District Guidelines:

    If your property is located within a designated historic district, additional regulations may apply to backyard activities. These guidelines typically aim to preserve the architectural integrity and historical significance of the area. They may cover exterior modifications, landscaping, and the use of materials in construction projects. Consult with local preservation authorities or homeowner’s associations to understand the specific guidelines applicable to your backyard.

    HOA (Homeowner’s Association) Rules:

    If you live in a community governed by a homeowner’s association, they may have their own set of rules and bylaws that dictate what is permissible in your backyard. These regulations can cover a wide range of topics, including exterior modifications, landscaping, recreational facilities, and pet restrictions. Review the HOA guidelines to ensure compliance with their specific requirements.

    Final Words:

    Understanding the codes and bylaws that govern backyard activities is essential for responsible homeownership. Adhering to these regulations promotes safety, maintains the peace and well-being of your neighborhood, and helps create a harmonious living environment. By familiarizing yourself with the applicable codes and bylaws, you can fully enjoy your backyard while respecting the rights and expectations of your community. Remember, local regulations may vary, so consult with your municipal authorities or homeowner’s association to ensure compliance with specific guidelines in your area.

  • Japanese Style Gardens

    The Japanese have developed the art of gardening to the point of exquisite perfection with their delicate arrangements of water, rocks, stone and sand.

    Several distinctively different Japanese garden types have evolved over the centuries, including the traditional Zen Buddhist garden with its raked gravel; the classical stroll garden that features lakes, bridges and natural scenery, and the tea garden, set in a secluded corner and surrounded by a bamboo fence or hedge for privacy.

    Most residential stands in modern Japan are tiny, of course, but the classical gardens of three to five hundred years ago were created on huge Imperial properties. On the other hand, the temple gardens of the Zen Buddhist monks (who were devotees of the tea ceremony) were of a more modest size, while the tea garden itself was fairly small.
    While the tea garden is probably the easiest style to emulate, much of what goes into a contemporary Japanese garden design derives from the meditative Zen Buddhist sand-and-stone arrangement (intended to be viewed rather than used). An essential aim here is to reproduce the idea of a natural landscape – a few large rocks around the base of a mound may suggest a mountain: a group of small trees a forest: an irregular, winding stepping stone path across open gravel the difficult route through life.

    The overall design is asymmetrical: whilst overlaying the whole is an air of serenity and simplicity. even frugality.

    Space is a prime element: perspective is subtly contrived: a large tree planted near the house and smaller ones on the boundary will give the illusion that the latter are farther away, thus visually enlarging the garden. A partially obscured view will reinforce the effect and confer a touch of mystery.

    The Japanese value the tranquillity of water and often incorporate ponds (and, on the larger properties, even a small lake) close to the house. The still surface reflects the images of trees, shrubs and, at night, the moon. Water also introduces movement and sound – with the trickle of a cascade or a gentle swish as koi break the surface of the pool.

    Layout

    An authentic Japanese-style garden will be an uncluttered place of clipped shrubs (often in traditional rounded shapes), stepping stones over water, stone lanterns, raked sand or gravel and an imaginative use of rocks and stones. Larger properties are often divided into a series of smaller gardens. Here, bamboo screens, open trelliswork and shrubs all have an important role to play. If you have the space. consider creating a traditional tea garden in place of an entertainment patio.

    Color

    Subtle color is a vital element in the Japanese styled garden. Light-toned neutrals are integral to both the inside and outside of the house. Avoid bold. garish hues. Aim for a delicate mélange of green shades combined with natural earthy colors, the browns, greys and terracotta.
    Flowers do have their place, but they are more usually grouped near the house itself rather than used as part of the general landscape or to add color to the overall scheme.

    Surfaces and Materials

    Low-maintenance surfaces are a feature. White sand or gravel, either representing a dry riverbed or the sea, is usually raked with patterns in the Zen Buddhist style. Round stones and water-worn pebbles are placed around ponds or positioned as part of the imaginary riverbed. They should not be set in mortar or the natural effect will be lost. Rocks are usually grouped to evoke the idea of a rugged mountain or simply to symbolize the supreme qualities of strength and stability.

    Stone or granite paths (including stepping stones) are a must. In the absence of the real thing. use simulated stone flagstones (made from concrete). The material may also be used for patios.
    Moss is another typical feature. Encourage any type of moss (or ferns or a low-growing ground cover) to grow around rocks and stones and under trees. If your area is too hot for moss, consider the many other ground covers before opting for a lawn – the Japanese seldom plant that type of grass.
    Common materials used in the garden are timber (for decking) and bamboo (for fencing). Screens are prominent in the garden as well as within a house decorated in the genre. Use wooden and bamboo screens as partitions and backdrops.

    Plants

    ‘Architectural’ plants are important: evergreen shrubs and trees provide the skeleton of the design. Avoid shrubs with large leaves; choose fine-leafed plants and trees with asymmetrical shapes.
    In most gardens in Japan, trees and shrubs are severely pruned to bring them into proportion with the space available. (On the larger property it is usually only the rugged black pine trees that are pruned)
    There are many suitable arboreal species, but fruit trees that blossom in spring are irresistible. Consider japonica (Chaenomeles japonica) with its bright yellow apple-blossom flowers, or a flowering quince (Chaenomeles speciosa), which bears beautiful rosy-red flowers in spring.
    For windbreaks, plant the hardy conifer, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar): and if you have a cool woodland setting, plant one or two Japanese maples (Acer palmatum), which are much admired in their motherland for the fiery hues of their autumn leaves.

    No Japanese-style garden would be complete without bamboo. There are numerous species but. in general, it is the smaller ornamental varieties which are best suited to the average garden. The dwarf species, Arundinaria auricoma, has a lovely. stripy green-and-gold foliage, while sacred bamboo (Nandina domestica) has graceful, fern-like leaves.
    Although Zen Buddhist gardens have no flowers, blooms and blossoms play an important role in Japanese festivities and traditions. Evergreen camellias (C. japonica) and azaleas (Rhododendrons), both of which are indigenous to Japan, will provide glorious color in spring and early summer, and a timeless quality throughout the rest of the year. Several perennials and bulbs are grown to perfection in Japan, including the Japanese anemone (A. japonica) with its rosy-purple, pink or white blooms. A few flowers are acceptable, including the chrysanthemum, the national flower of Japan.
    While bonsai is not part of the garden itself, you can add to the Japanese feel by grouping a few
    favourite dwarf trees in sheltered corners of the patio.

    Lighting

    Perhaps the most valued source of light in a Japanese-style garden is the moon. An authentic
    garden features trees with branches arranged (usually with the aid of wooden poles set in the
    ground) to allow moonlight to shine through.
    Stone lanterns (concrete imitations are widely available, metal and wood are suitable alternative materials) are essential accessories. In use since the 17th century, they are often partially concealed by foliage and may serve to light entrances and pathways or to draw attention to particular features.
    Lanterns were traditionally lit by placing a bowl of oil with a floating wick inside, though nowadays candles are more often used. Lantern styles differ, but most are modelled on those found in old temples.

    Features and Finishing Touches

    Ornamentation is kept to a minimum. Lanterns are traditional, rocks and stones, as mentioned, serve as symbolic features; and water basins, set in beds of gravel or pebbles, can enhance the look.

  • Year-Round Outdoor Enjoyment in Cabanas

    Embracing the Art of Outdoor Living: The Magic of Cabanas and Pavilions

    In today’s fast-paced world, finding moments of tranquility and connection with nature has become increasingly important. Embracing the art of outdoor living allows us to escape the daily hustle and bustle, and instead, immerse ourselves in the beauty and serenity of our own backyard. One way to elevate this experience is by incorporating cabanas and pavilions, which not only enhance the aesthetics of your outdoor space but also serve as functional and versatile structures.

    Creating a Serene Oasis: Designing Your Personal Cabana Retreat

    Designing a personal cabana retreat is an exciting endeavor that allows you to customize your outdoor space according to your unique taste and preferences. Cabanas, with their elegant design and intimate atmosphere, provide a sanctuary where you can relax, unwind, and rejuvenate. Whether you envision a cozy reading nook, a tranquil yoga space, or a luxurious lounge area, your cabana can be tailored to fulfill your desires.

    When designing your cabana retreat, consider the materials, colors, and architectural elements that will complement your existing landscape. Natural materials such as wood or bamboo can create a warm and inviting ambiance, while light and breezy fabrics can add a touch of elegance. Incorporating comfortable seating, ambient lighting, and lush greenery will further enhance the serene oasis vibe, allowing you to escape into these peaceful cabanas right in your own backyard.

    The Perfect Entertainment Space: Hosting Gatherings in Your Backyard Pavilion – Cabanas

    Backyard pavilions and/or cabanas are the ideal space for hosting gatherings and creating lasting memories with family and friends. These structures provide a covered area where you can entertain guests regardless of the weather conditions, ensuring that your outdoor events are never hindered by rain or excessive heat. From birthday parties to intimate dinner gatherings, a pavilion offers versatility and flexibility, accommodating various occasions with ease.

    When designing your backyard pavilion, consider the layout and seating arrangements to maximize comfort and social interaction. Install outdoor kitchen facilities, including a grill or a built-in bar, to effortlessly cater to your guests’ culinary needs. Adding comfortable seating options, such as outdoor sofas or dining sets, will create an inviting atmosphere for relaxation and conversation. By combining the beauty of the outdoors with the convenience of a sheltered space, your backyard pavilion will become the heart of social gatherings.

    Year-Round Outdoor Enjoyment: Incorporating Fireplaces and Heating Systems

    To truly embrace outdoor living throughout the year, incorporating fireplaces and heating systems into your backyard cabanas design is essential. These additions not only provide warmth and comfort during colder seasons but also extend the usability of your outdoor space well beyond the summer months. By integrating fireplaces, fire pits, or patio heaters, you can create a cozy and inviting atmosphere that encourages outdoor enjoyment regardless of the temperature.

    Fireplaces

    Fireplaces serve as captivating focal points, adding elegance and charm to your backyard cabanas design. They can be built as standalone structures or integrated into existing pavilions or cabanas, allowing for seamless integration with your outdoor retreat. The crackling sound of a fire and the warm glow it emits create an intimate ambiance, perfect for cozy evenings with loved ones.

    Patio Heaters

    Patio heaters and radiant heating systems provide a practical solution for maintaining a comfortable temperature in your outdoor space. These devices come in various styles and sizes, allowing you to choose the one that best suits your aesthetic preferences and heating needs. With the help of heating systems, you can continue to enjoy your outdoor oasis even when the temperatures drop, making it a year-round sanctuary.

    Cabana Retreat

    Designing a serene cabana retreat allows you to create your own personal oasis, while pavilions provide the perfect entertainment space for hosting gatherings and fostering connections with loved ones. By incorporating fireplaces and heating systems, you can extend the usability of your outdoor space throughout the year, ensuring that outdoor enjoyment is not limited to specific seasons.

    When designing your outdoor space, it’s important to consider the overall aesthetic and functionality. Choose materials, colors, and architectural elements that harmonize with your existing landscape and reflect your personal style. Whether you prefer a rustic, natural look or a modern and sleek design, there are options available to suit every taste.

    In addition to aesthetics, consider the practical aspects of your cabana or pavilion. Think about the size and layout that will accommodate your intended use. If you plan on hosting larger gatherings, ensure that there is enough seating and space to move around comfortably. Incorporating features like built-in storage or outdoor kitchen facilities can enhance the functionality of your structure, making it a truly versatile space for various activities.

    Fireplaces and Heating Systems

    When it comes to fireplaces and heating systems, there are several options to choose from. Traditional wood-burning fireplaces offer a classic and authentic experience, creating a cozy and intimate atmosphere. Gas fireplaces provide convenience and ease of use, allowing you to enjoy a warm fire with just the flip of a switch.

    Fire pits

    Fire pits are another popular choice, offering a focal point for gathering and socializing around an open flame. Patio heaters, on the other hand, provide a more distributed heat source, ensuring that everyone in the outdoor space remains comfortable.

    Consider the size of your outdoor area and the specific heating needs when selecting the appropriate heating system. It’s essential to ensure that the heating source is safe and meets all relevant safety standards. Consulting with a professional can help you determine the best heating solution for your specific requirements.

    Safety

    When incorporating fireplaces and heating systems into your backyard design, it’s important to prioritize safety. Ensure that there is proper ventilation for smoke and fumes, and that all fire-related installations comply with local regulations.

    Regular maintenance and cleaning are also crucial to keep your outdoor heating features in optimal condition.

    By embracing the art of outdoor living through the integration of cabanas, pavilions, fireplaces, and heating systems, you can transform your backyard into a haven of relaxation, entertainment, and year-round enjoyment. These structures not only enhance the aesthetics of your outdoor space but also provide functional and versatile areas for various activities.

    Whether you seek a serene retreat, a place to entertain guests, or a cozy spot to enjoy the outdoors during colder months, the magic of cabanas and pavilions combined with fireplaces and heating systems can truly elevate your outdoor living experience.

    So go ahead, own the backyard and create an oasis where you can unwind, connect with nature, and make cherished memories with those you hold dear.

  • Tiny Homes: Compact Living in Your Backyard

    Downsizing and Minimalism:

    Tiny Homes have gained popularity as a unique and innovative housing solution in recent years. These small and compact dwellings offer a plethora of benefits for those seeking a simpler and more sustainable lifestyle. Whether you’re looking to downsize, embrace minimalism, maximize space utilization, or live off the grid, a tiny home can provide the perfect solution right in your own backyard.

    Exploring the Benefits of Tiny Homes

    In a world filled with excess and materialism, many individuals are choosing to downsize their living spaces and embrace a minimalist lifestyle. Tiny homes offer a remarkable opportunity to simplify one’s life by reducing clutter and focusing on what truly matters. With limited square footage, every inch of a tiny home is carefully designed to serve a purpose, encouraging inhabitants to prioritize quality over quantity.

    One of the primary benefits of downsizing to a tiny home is the financial freedom it provides. With significantly lower construction and maintenance costs, as well as reduced utility bills, tiny homeowners can enjoy a more affordable lifestyle. The minimized space also translates into reduced consumption, leading to decreased environmental impact and increased sustainability.

    Clever Space Utilization.

    Maximizing Functionality in Limited Square Footage

    One of the most intriguing aspects of tiny homes is their ability to maximize functionality within a small footprint. Every nook and cranny is utilized to its fullest potential, with clever storage solutions and multi-purpose furniture transforming the limited space into a highly efficient living environment.

    The interior of a tiny home often features innovative design elements, such as lofted sleeping areas, foldable tables, and hidden compartments. These elements not only save space but also create a sense of versatility, allowing residents to adapt their living arrangements based on their current needs. Clever space utilization encourages creativity and resourcefulness, as homeowners find innovative ways to make the most of their compact living space.

    The Off-Grid Option.

    Embracing Sustainable Living in a Tiny Home

    For those seeking a more sustainable lifestyle, tiny homes offer an excellent opportunity to live off the grid. Many tiny homes are designed to be self-sufficient, incorporating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, to power the home. This independence from traditional energy grids not only reduces the environmental impact but also provides homeowners with greater autonomy over their energy consumption.

    In addition to renewable energy, off-grid tiny homes often incorporate water collection and filtration systems, composting toilets, and efficient insulation to minimize resource usage and waste production. These eco-friendly features enable residents to live in harmony with nature, reducing their carbon footprint and embracing a more environmentally conscious way of life.

    Living off the grid in a tiny home also offers a unique connection to nature. With a smaller living space and a focus on outdoor living, homeowners can enjoy their backyard to the fullest extent. Whether it’s creating a vegetable garden, installing a small pond, or simply basking in the natural beauty, tiny homes encourage a closer relationship with the environment.

    Tiny Homes Provide a Multitude of Benefits.

    Individuals looking to simplify their lives Tiny homes provide a host of advantages. Embrace minimalism, maximize space utilization, or live off the grid, you can do it now. These compact dwellings in your own backyard offer a unique and sustainable housing option, encouraging a more intentional and fulfilling lifestyle. Whether you’re seeking financial freedom, creative design solutions, or a closer connection to nature, tiny homes are an excellent choice for those ready to own their backyard and embark on a new way of living.

    As a final thought, tiny homes offer numerous benefits. Firstly, they are affordable, allowing people to own a home without a hefty mortgage. Secondly, they promote a minimalist lifestyle, encouraging decluttering and reducing material possessions. Thirdly, tiny homes are environmentally friendly, consuming less energy and producing fewer carbon emissions. Lastly, they provide mobility, enabling homeowners to relocate easily and explore new places. Overall, tiny homes offer simplicity, affordability, sustainability, and freedom.

  • 9 Clever Shelter Solutions for Your Yard

    There are a great many options for providing shelter within your yard, ranging from decks, porches, verandahs, and covered pergolas on patios adjacent to the house, to more elaborate structures like gazebos and summerhouses.

    While function determines the location of the shelter, style will influence the type of protection or ‘ceiling’ you chose. A gazebo is best suited to a Victorian-style house and garden, while a thatched cabin looks more appropriate in a farmhouse environment. If you have a tennis court, the chances are you will want a summerhouse in which players and guests can sit on hot, sunny days.

    If you are planning a patio for entertaining, this too may require some kind of protective cover.

    Even if your yard and garden has not been planned to conform to a particular style, it is important that a garden shelter relates comfortably to the house itself. A wooden pergola tacked onto the side of a severe, symmetrical, Georgian-style building will look rather odd. On the other hand, the same structure, planted with creepers and climbers, will immediately add to the charm of a country cottage or farmhouse.

    Of course the amount of protection you require is also a major factor. The pergola will provide shade from the sun and may shield you from some of the wind, but it will not be proof against rain. For this, a more permanent type of roof will be needed.

    9 Types of Shelter

    1. Arbour

    The traditional arbour was a simple, semi-enclosed structure designed to give some shelter from the elements and to introduce a touch of intimacy and seclusion into a yard. Constructed principally as a support for plants, it also housed a seat of some sort and provided an inviting, sun-dappled little retreat. Although invariably smothered with plants, the basic structure remained partially open to the sky a feature sometimes overlooked in the modern version of the arbour.

    Arbours in ancient Egypt appear to have been practical rather than decorative, erected for the cultivation of grape vines. The Romans also constructed arbours, although these were grander structures, sometimes built on stone columns and with open lattice roofs.

    By the mid-16th century. the arbour formed a familiar part of the English garden and was, again, a simple arrangement, often assembled from willow or juniper stems (rather like the Victorian bower) and, once planted with rosemary, box or another of the favoured plants of the day, became a living structure. The Victorians, on the other hand, favoured relatively open, wirework arbours that were often planted with roses.

    The modern arbour is closer in character to a pergola, even though a more traditional design can be easily erected. A simple but charming result can be attained by building an arch and planting over and around on three sides to create (in terms of the dictionary definition) ‘a shady retreat with sides and roof of trees or climbing plants’.

    Perhaps the most ambitious type is the topiary arbour, for which the dense foliage of an evergreen tree is carefully clipped and hollowed out to create a living shelter around a seat.

    A huge number of plants are suited to arbours, among them such sweet-smelling climbers as jasmine and honeysuckle. Other possibilities include wisteria, which, although it is deciduous, will add a sensational splash of color to the garden when it flowers; the self-clinging, silver-veined creeper Parthenocissus henryana or clematis, which does better in colder climates.

    Arbours are commonly sited at the end of a path or in a reasonably secluded corner of the yard, although there is nothing to prevent you incorporating one into a patio area close to the house. At Sissinghurst, in England, the white garden features a typical Victorian arbour, smothered in white roses and positioned centrally at the point where four paths converge.

    2. Awnings

    Adjustable awnings are ideal for patios where there is a need for both sun and shade. These are available as lightweight aluminium louvres or in canvas. The color should be in keeping with the house yard and garden.

    3. Conservatories

    Though the conservatory is usually considered a part of the house, its origins can in fact be traced to 17th century orangeries built alongside houses (and mansions) to give protection to plants.

    By the mid-19th century, the English had developed cheaper and better quality glass as well as iron glazing-bars to support it. As a result, elaborate conservatories and sophisticated greenhouses became familiar attachments to Victorian homes. Here, all types of exotic plants were tended until they could either be transferred into the garden or displayed within the house.

    Popular types of modern conservatory include glass extensions and custom-made rooms with glass walls. Even though the former tend to get rather hot in summer, they do have the appealing effect of bringing the garden indoors.

    4. Gazebos

    This time-honoured structure is a perfect means of shelter for the large yard or garden, especially that which inclines towards the Victorian style. Essentially an outdoor room with a view, a gazebo (sometimes called a pavilion) was often raised on a terrace, for instance – to take in a vista beyond the property. Traditionally it was a delightful little building, often constructed from wood but sometimes from stone or brick, and had a steeply-pitched roof of either shingle, slate or thatch (depending on the style of the house). It had both doors and windows and was either square or octagonal in shape.

    The renowned gardener Gertrude Jekyll had a celebrated gazebo in her garden at Munstead Wood, a retreat that was dubbed ‘the thunder house’ because it was here that she would sit and watch the summer storms that swept over the landscape. Designed by her partner, Sir Edwin Luytens, it was described as ‘a plain little building’ that matched the local stone used in the house and elsewhere and enabled Miss Jekyll to see over the fields and beyond to the distant hills.

    If sited some distance from the house, the style of a gazebo can be as whimsical as you choose. However, it is still preferable to have some kind of visual link between the two. Consider using the same tiles or sheeting for the roof, or perhaps mirror pillars to support a verandah.

    When planting beside a gazebo, it is important to ensure that vigorous creepers, such as bougainvillaea, which thrives in warm climates, have adequate support. Alternatively, opt for a lighter plant – perhaps the sweetly scented Chilean jasmine, Mandevilla laxa or pink flowering M. splendens, both of which are best suited to temperate parts, or the semi-hardy canary creeper which bears clusters of bright yellow flowers in late summer and autumn. Or you could plant an annual climber – Black-eyed Susan, Thunbergia alata, for example – which will grow quickly to provide additional screening in summer but will give the structure maximum exposure to sunlight in the cold winter months.

    5. Pergolas

    The pergola has a history dating back at least to Roman times (as murals at Pompeii show). Originally developed to give some shelter from the hot Mediterranean summer sun (making them an obvious feature in gardens created in this style), they are nowadays often built for purely decorative purposes in cooler climates.

    A pergola (the Latin word pergula means a projecting roof or eave) is an ideal frame for climbing plants (see Plant ceilings, below) They may also be ‘roofed’ with wooden slats, shadecloth which is now widely available in a selection of colors, or an awning of some type (see Awnings, above). The structure can be freestanding or attached to the house. It is often constructed over a patio or carport to give shade, but maybe erected to form a covered walkway in the yard or even over a driveway. In fact, Sir Edwin Lutyens, who may be regarded as the master of the pergola, often used it to link house and garden.

    When it comes to size, it all depends on your personal needs and preferences. There are no hard and fast rules: pictures of some Renaissance gardens show grand pergolas long enough to shade horse and rider during their daily gallop.

    Hooped timber arches – which would have to be built by a skilled carpenter – will make a stunning pergola, especially if galvanized wire or something similar is stretched along the top to carry climbing plants, and to create a tunnel of soft foliage. Alternatively, consider a classical English pergola with hoops of iron set across a wide walkway.

    If you prefer gum poles, choose ones that have been given a tanalith treatment. Do not use creosote. This black, tar-like substance is toxic to both plants and animals, and if the structure is covered with shadecloth, it will eventually rot this too.

    The range of pergola plants is vast and varied and, once again, choice will depend largely on the surrounding environment. Rambling roses, for instance are an obvious option for a Victorian or English Country garden, while crimson hued bougainvillea is a must for the Mediterranean style exterior.

    6. Plant ceilings

    One of the most effective ways to create atmosphere in a yard is to allow creepers and climbers to form a natural plant canopy over pergolas, archways and other structures.

    Any reasonably light material will serve as a framework: timber, metal, even rope or chain hung between uprights to form swags.

    Trees, too, will of course give shade, and some may even be planted so that they intertwine, forming a continuous line and an attractive plant ceiling.

    While a plant ceiling will not provide shelter from the rain or from hail and snow, it will protect you from the sun and, when well established, usually from the wind too. Providing the climate is right, various climbers such as the Zimbabwe climber, Podranea brycei, golden shower, Pyrostegia venusta, and a wide selection of bougainvillaea will also create a riot of color in summer as well as afford welcome protection. The evergreen Chinese jasmine, Jasminum polyanthum will add a beautiful fragrance when planted up the sides of a pergola or gazebo, as will the lovely lilac-flowering wisteria, W. sinensis – which is deciduous  – and various honeysuckles, most of which are also evergreen.

    The choice will of course depend on whether you want protection all year round or whether you need to let some sunlight into the area in the colder winter months. A dense ceiling of creepers over a patio attached to the house will serve as a cool, leafy retreat in summer, but will tend to make the house cold in winter. Here, it would be more sensible to opt for deciduous plants – Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, for example (although this is a self-clinging species akin to ivy, and this may make maintenance of the structure a problem). or an ornamental or fruiting grape vine.

    7. The Summerhouse

    Perhaps more accurately termed a ‘garden house’, this is a covered retreat, similar to (and sometimes confused with) the gazebo and pavilion, where there is sufficient space to relax and spend time out of the hot summer sun.

    However, unlike the ornate gazebo, the summerhouse is a simple, often partially open-sided building which sometimes features a thatched roof. The traditional Victorian structure was large enough to seat eight or ten people, for it was here that the family would invariably ‘take tea’ in the summer months. The ultimate 19th-century design was mounted on a turntable base which could be rotated, so providing its occupants with a variety of views.

    Well sited, a modern summerhouse can serve as the venue for a range of activities – weekend luncheons, dinners and so on – and may be particularly effective when established beside the swimming pool. It may also double as a children’s playhouse.

    8. Umbrellas

    While ordinary garden umbrellas will provide some protection from the sun, large, canvas, market-style models are an even better option. Thatch umbrellas will provide a more permanent shelter.

    9. Verandahs

    A covered verandah offers shade from the sun and shelter from the wind and rain, and because it is a part of the structure of the house itself, it will often become the family’s outdoor room. The same applies to porches and many decks incorporated in the structure of the house.